HEMIPLEGIA / STROKE
The effect of a rehabilitational sliding machine and conventional neurological physical therapy on the balance of patients with hemiplegia
INTRODUCTION
A stroke is a very serious disease and is accompanied by motor disturbance, sensory disturbance, perceptual disturbance, language disturbance, cognitive disorder, and urinary incontinence according to the area of the brain lesions1). Hemiplegia is commonly associated with a decrease in balance ability. The balance of stroke is an important factor that can impede standing or gait, and their postural sway is twice as high as that of healthy people in their age range2). The limit of stability (LOS) of stroke patients is defined as a decrease in the maximal distance to the center of gravity while maintaining balance without detaching the feet from the ground3).
Among the rehabilitation treatment methods for stroke patients, exercise is essential for functional recovery. There are many conventional treatments, such as neurodevelopmental treatment and sensory stimulation, which are designed to make patients shift their weight to the affected side. Currently, the exercise treatment that makes patients conduct diverse functions by stimulating normal exercise modes is performed in physical therapy rooms, and exercise treatment programs include a range of motion exercises, extension exercises, and muscle strengthening exercises4). Moreover, a lot of equipment is available to improve the functions of stroke patients. In order to improve the muscle strength of the lower extremities of stroke patients, weight equipment5), elastic bands6), and isometric equipment7) have been employed. Using a tilt table composed of a rail system and a carriage with wheels, Trees et al.8) applied a weight load exercise to four patients with burns who had difficulty with weight load training in a standing position. They reported improvement in lower extremity muscle strength of the patuents. Byun et al.9) applied a rehabilitational sliding machine to the treatment of patients with hemiplegia resulting from stroke and reported that their muscle strength, spasticity, gait ability, balance ability, and daily activities improved.
Therefore, many treatment methods for reduction of problematic factors and improvement of balance and gait ability have been studied and developed. There are diverse methods for treatment of patients with hemiplegia resulting from stroke, and although many efforts have been made to improve the effect of each treatment method, research has not shown whether one treatment method is superior to others10). Few studies have applied and compared treatment method using different equipment and existing neurological rehabilitation exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the effects of exercises using equipment and one-on-one therapeutic exercises in stroke patient therapy.
SUBJECT AND METHODS
The subjects of this study were 40 patients diagnosed with hemiplegia resulting from stroke by a rehabilitation doctor practicing at N Hospital located in Daegu, South Korea. They were randomly and equally assigned to a rehabilitational sliding machine training group (STG: 10 males, 10 female) and a conventional neurological physical therapy group (CG: 11 males, 9 female). The mean ± SD age, height, and weight of the STG was 51.4±40.6 years, 167.0±9.5 cm, and 64.1±13.1 kg, respectively. Eleven of the patients had right hemiplegia, and nine had left hemiplegia. The onset period was 14.8±6.1 months. The mean ± SD age, height, and weight of the CG was 50.8±5.5 years, 165.9±8.6 cm, and 63.9±5.2 kg, respectively. Nine of the patients had right hemiplegia, and 11 had left hemiplegia. The onset period was 13.4±8.2 months.
The inclusion criteria were as follows: no visual field defect, no abnormality in the vestibular organs, no orthopedic disease, an unrestricted range of motion, ability to understand and perform the exercise as instructed by the researcher, and a score of 24 or higher on the Korean version of the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE). All the subjects understood the purpose of this study and provided written informed consent prior to their participation in the study in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The STG underwent training with the rehabilitational sliding machine for 30 minutes per day, five times per week for eight weeks. We used a rehabilitational sliding machine. This machine had a rail system, a patient-supporting carriage, a footplate that moved up and down, and a leg elevation device that was connected to the patient support carriage. The footplate could be moved up and down to change the maximal angle of knee flexion. The goniometer showed the degree of inclination of the sliding board, and Velcro straps were fixed to the patient’s body and ankles for safety. We fixed the degree of inclination of the sliding board at 30°9). The exercise program for the CG was based on a training program proposed by Gjelsvik4). This method is widely used for the rehabilitation of patients with hemiplegia resulting from stroke and includes a range of motion exercises, muscle extension exercises, exercises for hip joint stability, leg joint exercises, knee joint exercises, bridging exercises, sitting to standing exercises, weight supporting exercises, and forward walking exercise in a standing position. This experiment was conducted for 30 minutes, five times per week for a total of eight weeks.
For the measurement of balance ability, a biofeedback analysis system (AP1153 BioRescue, RM lngenierie, Rodez, France) was used to determine weight bearing, anterior range LOS, and posterior range LOS in the affected side in a static standing position.
The experimental results were statistically analyzed using SPSS 12.0 KO (SPSS lnc., Chicago, IL, USA). After the general characteristics of the subjects were determined, a paired t-test was used to compare the variations in weight bearing on the affected side when standing, the anterior LOS standing, and the posterior LOS standing. The significance of differences between the two groups was investigated using an independent t-test. Statistical significance was accepted for values of p<0.05.
RESULTS
The results for the weight bearing rates on the paretic side in each group were as follows. According to analysis of the results of the weight load rate, there were significant differences in each group before and after the experiment, and there were significant differences within the CG after the experiment (p>0.05) (Table 1).
Comparison of change in balance function in the training groups with values presented as the mean ± SD (Unit: cm2)
According to a comparison of the anterior and the posterior range of stability in a standing position before and after the experiment, there were significant differences in the CG before and after the experiment, and there were significant differences within the CG after the experiment (p>0.05) (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
Heo11) studied a group by conducting a one-on-one sit-to-stand exercises focusing on external feedback, such as verbal instruction. Manual contact with a therapist showed a significant increase in the weight load rate on the paretic side compared with another group instructed to do sit-to-stand exercises with a task-oriented approach that focused on internal feedback12). Shin et al.13) noted that the weight support ability of stroke patients was correlated with functional performance ability, and moving the weight left or right in a standing position was related to motor function, an independence in daily life, and the length of time until the patient returned home. The reason for this was that the ability of the stroke patients to move weight left or right was directly related to gait. In the present study on weight bearing in the affected side when standing, the forward and backward movement LOS in a standing position were compared, and the results showed a significant effect in the CG and statistically significant differences between the two groups. Gouglidis et al.14) applied visually induced weight movement exercises to subjects and found significant differences in stability ranges. In the present study, visual elements were not used, but an increase in forward and backward movement LOS in a standing position improved the proprioceptive senses of the patients in the ankle joints, increasing their balance in the forward and backward movement range. The symmetrical weight bearing exercise influenced the stability of stance phase and gait. Song15) reported that convenient neurological physiotherapy had a greater effect than functional electrical therapy on gait ability for chronic stroke patients. Ma16) reported that convenient neurological physiotherapy had a greater effect on the balance ability of stroke patients.
According to the results, conservative exercise treatment with verbal instructions from and manual contact with a therapist resulted in a more significant improvement. The present study showed that for functional improvement of patients with hemiplegia resulting from a stroke, factors affecting conservative exercise treatment should be taken into account, such as the personal characteristics, muscle strength, endurance, senses, proprioceptive senses, cognition, and motives of the patients. In addition, when exercise treatment is conducted in a hospital, intervention by a therapist using an instrument that allows individual stroke patients to adjust their characteristic movement pattern and abnormal tension is considered necessary during an exercise. A rehabilitational sliding machine can be effectively used to increase the balance and gait ability of inpatients during free time and at time when they are not receiving treatment time.
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